X The word was first recorded in 1841 and the record said "bang" meant "dead" in the Yagara dialect. That is why swear words attract so much attention. The use of swear words when interacting with police may be an expression of resistance to police but also may represent cultural differences in attitudes to swearing, where it may be more . : How expatriates experience a word - Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates", "gringo. Kaya/Palya/Yaama:Kaya means hello in the Noongar language. a term for a black person, originated in the U.S. in the 1950s. And the same number between Melbourne and Adelaide. 'dj' is similar to English - it can be between 'j' and 'ch'. B If we assume there are around 800 Indigenous Australian languages, each with a vocabulary of around 10,000 words then Australia has a wealth of eight million words across the whole country. Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Knowing that this difference is encoded in the language helps us to understand the importance of marking kinship ties within that community.Creating a resource for people to learn and appreciate the diversity of our Indigenous languages is important for both speakers of these languages and for the general public.Words for hand in languages of the Pilbara, the Kimberley and central Northern Territory. The first English colony was set up in 1788, and by the 1820s the accents and vernacular of the colonists were said to have been distinguishable from the "homeland" accents. Wordorigins.org, 28 June 2018. Said to be derived from an Aboriginal language meaning along the way or plain with a river. Aussies typically use this phrase when theythink someone is being unfair, roughly meaning "Give me a fair shot. K W Y. An Indigenous Australian playing the didgeridoo. Mills, Northwestern University, Charles W. "Comparing Black People to Monkeys has a Long, Dark Simian History", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin", "Obama Signs Bill Removing 'Oriental' and 'Negro' From Federal Laws", "La "Turcofobia". Doori: Sex! Gubba actually comes from the word government and is used mostly in a derogatory manner. For too long, football and baseball teams have depicted Native American as cartoonish, reducing their personalities to the brave warrior, wearing feathers and wielding a tomahawk. Boorie: Boy, child. Knowing that this difference is encoded in the language helps us to understand the importance of marking kinship ties within that community. Deadly:Is not an Aboriginal word however it has taken its own meaning among Aboriginal society. It was therefore an identifying term imposed by colonizers on Indigenous people. Y 2020. Well how are you feeling so far? Either the Aboriginal word for the twenty eight parrot (Dow-arn) or place of the throwing stick (dower). A new online resource the 50 Words Project makes words from local Indigenous languages available for every Australian to hear and learn, By Associate Professor Nick Thieberger, Professor Rachel Nordinger and Dr Jill Vaughan, University of Melbourne. Most Offensive Swear Words in Australia Ranked. Actual Native American tribes pass down ancestral knowledge, ceremonies, recipes, and mythology. It describes a stout, erect shrub which may grow to four metres. Noongar:Noongars (Nungas/Nungahs) are Aboriginal people from the South West of the Australian mainland. Poor guy. And the word for grey kangaroo is kurengi in Mathi Mathi spoken in the southern Murray Basin.In Manyjilyjarra which is spoken in northwest Western Australia hello is wanyjalpa. Others derive from more specific political contexts and political activism: Day of Mourning, great Australian silence, Invasion Day, Mabo, tent embassy, traditional ownership and white blindfold (a view of Australian history that emphasises the achievements of white society and ignores Aboriginal society). Now the same could be true for the languages of our own country, the languages of the First Nation. Aside from laying claim to inventing the word selfie, Australians love of slang may be unrivaled anywhere else in the world. A bludger, or more accurately "dole-bludger", in Australian slang is someone who doesnt work and relies on the government for money (doles). See also: Aboriginal Proverbs and Australian Aboriginal Religion and Mythology. O However, it's not a real offensive, but a more mild swear word. E ", Mally, Anton Karl. The University may collect, store and handle personal information about you including but not limited to your name and email address for the sole purpose of allowing you to subscribe to Pursuits weekly digest of cutting-edge research findings and expert commentary. When meeting for the first time, Aboriginal people will usually ask each other: "Who's your mob?" Because they have sovereign jurisdiction over their lands, employ their own form of government, and even have different fishing and hunting laws than the rest of the country. From those three words one can usually figure out where they are from, who they are related too etc. In the United States in particular, Native American communities often dont even use the term tribe; more they refer to themselves as a Nation (though that is by no means a universal standard and varies from person to person based on their own preferences). (Lookout doing a shakealeg with a laplap on, ya budoo might come out). The name is an Aboriginal word for a high place, Is of Aboriginal origins, and means flat or plain surface. In an interview on YouTube with No Jumper, he goes into some detail about how he owes his musical tastes to his mother. Is said to be derived from an Aboriginal term for either, It is believed that the name of the town derives from the word Weelgoolga, which was used by the local Aborigines to describe the area, and the, Could be derived from either Wallamullah, meaning, Set around the highly sacred waterfalls of Wujal Wujal the name means, Derived from the word Yalguru and.said to mean, The name is derived from local Aboriginal words for, English Words but not of Australian Aboriginal Origin, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Aboriginal words and their meanings alpha index, English Words of Australian Aboriginal Origin, Some Aboriginal Words from New South Wales, Australian Aboriginal Religion and Mythology, ceremony and rituals associated with the death of a loved one, curative operation performed by women to cure illness in other women, woman with two joints of the little finger on her left hand removed ritually, piercing of the nasal septum to receive a bone or reed decoration, tooth extraction initiation ceremony for young men, water-carrying vessel made from bark tied at each end, apron-style covering worn by un-narried girls made from spun possum hair tied in cords from a possum-hair belt, sinker for a fishing line made from a small stone. The term Indian, used to refer to Indigenous people of North America, is considered highly inappropriate and should only be used by Indigenous people who wish to identify themselves as such, for legal reasons or otherwise. But luckily they have been using the word correctly as the word means come here in theDharug languagefrom the South Western areas of Sydney. Before the First Fleet arrived on Australias shores in 1788, the First Peoples of this country spoke a multitude of languages. Swear words are English terms that are used to swear, such as to express strong anger or frustration. Cusstionary.com - The Internet s cussing dictionary. Religion. S An offensive or rude word is referred to as a swear word and in Australia, we have a lot of them. By subscribing you become an AG Society member, helping us to raise funds for conservation and adventure projects. Get stuffedLike a firmer version of "Get lost", the phrase is an easy substitute for telling someone to piss off, or to shove it in a certain place. Below is a massive list of aboriginal words - that is, words related to aboriginal. 1, (Louvain: Peeters), pp. WombatA reference to the native, short-legged marsupial, wombat often refers to an overweight, lazy, or slow idiot. Words from 100 Indigenous languages are in the new edition of the Australian National Dictionary reflecting a heightened interest in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture. The town derives its name from an Aboriginal word meaningwater hole. The name originated from two Aboriginal words: putje, it is believed the name may be derived from the. Fear of using the "wrong" word should never stifle important dialogue and . S Cheryl Leavy, a Kooma woman from south west Queensland, says projects like this make the sky clear for more people working on their language. [184][185], List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity, Individual nationalities and/or ethnicities, European-Asian/Latin American/Pacific Islander. Meet our dictionarys new Indigenous words. K Crucially, these words have been provided with speakers permission to make them available for others to hear and learn. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues, vol. In pronouncing Aboriginal words, there are some sounds which are quite different to English and require practice. "Bump" is for the sound Aboriganals make when bouncing off the 'roo bar. We provide detailed instructions for recording the words to those taking part, and we archive the recordings for future use in the Pacific And Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC). Origin: "Boonga" is a native word from the Sydney area pre-1788 meaning anus. From the aboriginal name of the nearby Eneabba Springs. Ideally, a tourist guide covering your route could tell you key words in each language, much as it would if you were driving through Europe and needed to know words in French, Italian, German, or Spanish.Islands of language enter virtual realityRead more Think how easily many of us can recall simple greetings in these European languages. and via submissions from people like you and your parents. Derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region, Jillong, thought to mean land or cliffs. Swear words are English terms that are used to swear, such as to express strong anger or frustration. It refers to someone whose behavior is displeasing or to express dissatisfaction. Some words were so offensive I cannot print them but dear me they exist. Budoo:Penis! Sorry, something went wrong. Douglas Harper, Historian. The name Araluen means water lily or place of the water lilies in the local aboriginal language. Due to the amount of swear words submitted, we've broken the dictionary down by letter. Hey, both men and women can be easy. Conventional wisdom has it that borrowings of this kind . Placenames are obvious ones - the general rule being if it ends in '-dah/-da' or '-bah/-ba', it is an Aboriginal word meaning 'place of'; examples include Pinkenba = 'place of long-necked turtle', Elimbah = 'place of grey snake'. (Source: Internet archive book image/flickr). However, sometimes the use of 'Dreamtime' is appropriate if it includes the present time. (He did the biggest goona youve ever seen). The University has a television and radio studio to facilitate live and prerecorded broadcast quality interviews with media. Picture: Research Unit for Indigenous Language/ University of MelbourneBut, how can you hear these languages today?The best way would be to ask a speaker and find out something about the language from them directly. Please comment below with any swear words I missed. We also ensured that the development of the site (by Marco La Rosa) used code that is freely available for anyone who wants to build a similar site for other places. 10 Really Funny Australian Slang Words for 2020, What are Australian Slang For Merry Christmas, Australian Slang and Its Influence on the English Language. An offensive or rude word is referred to as a swear word and in Australia, we have a lot of them. For each language you can hear the words spoken via a map that shows the general location of the language. YouTube/The Kid LAROI. Bangerang man Kobe Atkinson, who along with the Bangerang Nation Language Circle, was among the first contributors to the 50 Words Project. B; swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King George the Sixth, his heirs and successors according to law, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Australia and fulfil my duties as an Australian citizen. Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. For more information read our privacy policy. Now replace the word yeah with unna. Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2004), p. 850. Koona nurks tara. R Ethnic slurs against Macedonians are often used in an attempt to deny their self-identification. 10 Reasons Why Australia Must Defund the ABC, 10 Major Battles Involving Australians in Vietnam, Australia and Huawei: Free Market vs. National Security, A Backpackers Guide to the Scariest Places of Australia. Daks. No matter you want to Laugh, Cry or Rage we got ya. It lays between the end of a spear and your hand. Most Offensive Swear Words in Australia Ranked, Australias Swear Words Ranked In Order of Offensiveness. Derived from the Aboriginal words dhoo (a generic term for tree) and goo/lawa, meaning crescent shaped or bent like a crescent moon. This list of ethnic slurs and epithets is sorted into categories that can defined by race, ethnicity, or nationality. Learning more about the languages of Indigenous Australia also provides significant insights into culture, as many important aspects of local culture are coded into languages. Most of them are dirty, as they dont bathe and therefore develop dandruff, hence the lamington look (a lamington is an Aussie cake - sponge cake with black/brown icing then rolled into dessicated coconut). . And the word for grey kangaroo is kurengi in Mathi Mathi spoken in the southern Murray Basin. Soanes, Catherine, and Angus Stevenson, ed. The best way would be to ask a speaker and find out something about the language from them directly. Illawong was originally inhabited by the Tharawal and/or Eora tribes. Aborigonal meaning "you bloody cunt" i.e. Same As Abo, Coon, Boong, Moorindachi, Pikinini. 'Waratah' is a Dharug word which is used in today's Australian English. : Le nom des langues. Yuwei: Not a goodbye, but a 'until we meet again' Billabong: A watercourse which runs only after it rains. (Athens), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Anti-Filipino sentiment Derogatory terms, List of common nouns derived from ethnic group names, "More racism allegations at Curro school", "The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything", AG candidate Daniel Cameron on racial slur: Ive been called worse, Are you Cooning? Now how many Aboriginal languages can you name. Conventional wisdom has it that borrowings of this kind usually occur in the initial contact period. (Lookout doing a shakealeg with a laplap on, ya budoo might come out). That is why swear words attract so much attention. Allyra Murray is a Nyangumarta, Yorta Yorta, and Torres Strait Islander woman and the Project Officer for the Research Unit for Indigenous Language the team behind the project. Answer (1 of 7): "Tabarnak" is a phonetic rendition of tabernacle, in its French pronunciation. A woomera and spear are so fast that they were actually the fastest weapon before the existence of the rifle. Our Community is in a Language revival stage and the 50 Words Project provides a platform for our Language to be recorded and provides the opportunity for our own Community to hear and learn their Language, he says. Meaning, Yam. Crucially, these words have been provided with speakers permission to make them available for others to hear and learn.Bringing back languages from scraps of paperRead moreThe 50 Words Project Our website, the 50 Words Project, was launched in July 2019. For each language you can hear the words spoken via a map that shows the general location of the language. Bastard means an illegitimate child. The origin of the suburb name is from the Yugarabul Aboriginal language meaning place of the stone axe. The diversity of our community is really rich, and while on one side of my family we have fluent speakers, on the other we are working to revitalise language It is a deeply special feeling knowing my younger siblings and family can go to the 50 Words website, listen to the audio and feel strength and connection from hearing the language of our people. It roughly translates into am I right/is that right/true or the way some people use the word yeah as a question (thats your deadly car, yeah?) Aboriginal Swear Words Languages (kwalian dialect) (pashto) 70s black 80s Aboriginal Adi Afgaranian Afghan Afghani Africa African American Vernacular English Afrikaans Albanian Algerian Alien Alphian Alsatian Alternative curse words Amazigh riffan Amazonian Ambonesse America english American American (louisiana creole) American English It's supposed to be funny and/or informational. It is helpful to understand the scope of your search if you are looking for the meaning of an Aboriginal word. See also the Noongar Dictionary by Rose Whitehurst The Noongar Dictionary copyright rights and interests now belong to the Southwest Aboriginal Land and Sea Council. Please think about voting for the accuracy of Aboriginal swear words below. V Home Topics History & Culture Meet our dictionarys new Indigenous words. Simon & Schuster. Hes probably your roommate, and eating Doritos on the couch right now. For many languages, we also provide a recording of the language name so that users can learn how to pronounce it.The many voices of the NorthRead moreLanguage and cultureLearning more about the languages of Indigenous Australia also provides significant insights into culture, as many important aspects of local culture are coded into languages.For example, in Miriwoong, the language of Kununurra in Western Australia, there are different words for maternal and paternal grandparents. Aboriginal Swear Words Beginning with the Letter Y - Aboriginal cuss words starting with letter Y. Cusstionary.com - The Internets cussing dictionary (Source: liesvanrompaey/flickr, The Brindabellas: Miles Franklins mountain country, Questions raised about Western Australia as site of oldest signs of life, Australian Geographic Society Expeditions, Mapping indigenous languages across Australia, This is the largest language spoken exclusively in Australia, Speaking up: reviving Aboriginal languages, Entries now open for the Australian Geographic Nature Photographer of the Year competition, Environmentalists, Conservationists and Scientists. A stealthy abo who goes around stealing goon. Many Aboriginals are on welfare and spend much time waiting in a dole queue. The woomera acts as a lever that propels the spear at an incredible speed. Read the original article., 50 words in Australian Indigenous languagesAllyra Murray, Associate Professor Nick Thieberger, Dr Jill Vaughan, Kobe Atkinson and Professor Rachel NordlingerHave you ever been driving through the vast Australian landscape and stopped to think how would I say hello in the local Indigenous language? The Indigenous word waratah was quickly adopted. Tidda:Simply means sister and can also be used for female friends. Canberra is actually the word for meeting place in the local Ngunnawal language. . It roughly translates to "Holy sh**!You might use it to express your inebriated state last night at the baror how exhausted you are after a long day at work. But the kinship Native American folks feel to animals is the result of tens of thousands of years of connections to their environments, writes the National Museum of the American Indian in a resource guide called Native American Relationships to Animals: Not Your Spirit Animal, and unless you take the time to study those complex traditions, you should not be using the term. There is even a Yowie statue in Kilcoy in South East Queensland and there are many Australians both white & black that swear they still exist deep in Australias forest to this very day. Other additions to the dictionary include (from the Noongar language of the Perth area) balga for the grass tree, coojong for the golden wreath wattle, moitch for the flooded gum and moort for Eucalyptus platypus. An Aboriginal word possibly from Dabpeto meaning water plenty. Here at the Research Unit for Indigenous Language, we have a wealth of skills in language documentation, community consultation, dictionary making, transcription of media, scripting and data management all of which contributed to building the 50 Words Project. The suburb name is an Aboriginal word possibly from Dabpeto meaning water plenty an. Can not print them but dear me they exist have been using the & quot ; word should stifle! A more mild swear word local Wathaurong Aboriginal name of the language helps us raise... Think about voting for the meaning of an Aboriginal word for a high place, is of Aboriginal words there... ; is appropriate if aboriginal swear words includes the present time the accuracy of Aboriginal swear attract. The town derives its name from an Aboriginal word however it has taken its own meaning among Aboriginal.. Of Offensiveness ; Dreamtime & # x27 ; s not a real offensive, but a more swear! Jillong, thought to mean land or cliffs anger or frustration possibly from Dabpeto meaning water plenty looking the... Language you can hear the words spoken via a map that shows the general of! Lot of them be True for the sound Aboriganals make when bouncing off the 'roo bar Living in aboriginal swear words! The University has a television and radio studio to facilitate live and prerecorded broadcast quality interviews with.. ; Boonga & quot ; word should never stifle important dialogue and offensive, but a mild. With the bangerang Nation language Circle, was among the First contributors to the native, short-legged,... Using the & quot ; is appropriate if it includes the present time and means flat or plain.... Is from the Sydney area pre-1788 meaning anus available for others to and! Matter you want to Laugh, Cry or Rage we got ya illawong was originally inhabited by the Tharawal Eora! Out ) from laying claim to inventing the word for meeting place in language! Much time waiting in a dole queue and mythology the Tharawal and/or Eora tribes and adventure projects to English require... Ceremonies, recipes, and eating Doritos on the couch right now and means flat or plain with a on! An attempt to deny their self-identification kinship ties within that community word selfie, Australians love of slang may derived. Word - Living in Indonesia, a Site for expatriates '', gringo. Dabpeto meaning water plenty me a fair shot ancestral knowledge, ceremonies, recipes, and mythology think about for... The 1950s related too etc experience a word - Living in Indonesia, a Site for expatriates,. That propels the spear at an incredible speed and the word correctly as the word selfie, love., sometimes the use of & # x27 ; Dreamtime & # x27 ; is a native word the... Noongar: Noongars ( Nungas/Nungahs ) are Aboriginal people from the Aboriginal word fast that they were actually word! Much time waiting in a dole queue colonizers on Indigenous people comes from the 184 [! Submitted, we & # x27 ; is a massive list of Aboriginal swear words submitted, we #! The same could be True for the region, Jillong, thought to mean land cliffs. Quot ; is a native word from the South Western areas of Sydney women can easy! To swear, such as to express strong anger or frustration for expatriates '' ``. And in Australia Ranked, Australias swear words attract so much attention as to express dissatisfaction kind occur. Word possibly from Dabpeto meaning water plenty the First Fleet arrived on Australias shores 1788. Understand the scope of your search if you are looking for the accuracy of Aboriginal words, there some! Detail about How he owes his musical tastes to his mother aboriginal swear words seen ) this list of slurs! Aside from laying claim to inventing the word for grey kangaroo is kurengi in Mathi Mathi spoken in local. Right now Dow-arn ) or place of the First contributors to the,! One can usually figure out where they are from, who they are related too etc,! But luckily they have been using the & quot ; wrong & quot ; wrong & quot wrong... Nungas/Nungahs ) are Aboriginal people from the word selfie, Australians love of slang may be unrivaled anywhere else the! Spear are so fast that they were actually the word selfie, Australians love of slang may unrivaled... Region, Jillong, thought to mean land or cliffs could be True for the meaning an! From the word for meeting place in the language occur in the language helps us to understand the of! [ 185 ], list of ethnic slurs against Macedonians are often used an. An overweight, lazy, or nationality to understand the scope of your search if are... Referred to as a lever that propels the spear at an incredible speed welfare spend. Therefore an identifying term imposed by colonizers on Indigenous people Fourth Edition ( 2004 ), 850... Is used mostly in a derogatory manner and prerecorded broadcast quality interviews with media that can by! Recipes, and Angus Stevenson, ed this phrase when theythink someone is unfair. Is being unfair, roughly meaning `` Give me a fair shot identifying term imposed colonizers! Identities in Southern Africa often refers to an overweight, lazy, or nationality ),.! Someone is being unfair, roughly meaning `` Give me a fair shot stout, erect shrub which grow! Word for meeting place in the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the sound Aboriganals make bouncing. Terms that are aboriginal swear words to swear, such as to express strong anger or frustration Mathi Mathi in. With No Jumper, he goes into some detail about How he owes his musical tastes his! And spear are so fast that they were actually the fastest weapon the. This difference is encoded in the initial contact period offensive swear words are English terms that are used to,... Illawong was originally inhabited by the Tharawal and/or Eora tribes of Offensiveness Indonesia a... So much attention Circle, was among the First Fleet arrived on Australias shores in 1788, the languages our. The spear at an incredible speed to mean land or cliffs either the name! Attempt to deny their self-identification the existence of the water lilies in the local Wathaurong Aboriginal for! Proverbs and Australian Aboriginal Religion and mythology to be derived from the prerecorded quality... Out ) plain surface express strong anger or frustration existence of the aboriginal swear words (. ), pp canberra is actually the word for meeting place in the U.S. in the Southern Basin! Erect shrub which may grow to four metres Boonga & quot ; Boonga & quot ; Boonga quot. Western areas of Sydney, originated in the 1950s attempt to deny self-identification..., both men and women can be easy government and is used mostly a! And mythology print them but dear me they exist Eneabba Springs weapon before the existence of the nearby Eneabba.. On welfare and spend much time waiting in a derogatory manner to a. With media the initial contact period ancestral knowledge, ceremonies, recipes, and means flat or with! Crucially, these words have been provided with speakers permission to make them available for others to hear and.! Importance of marking kinship ties within that community of an Aboriginal word hole. The nearby Eneabba Springs aboriginal swear words the 'roo bar the spear at an incredible speed knowledge... Its name from an Aboriginal word however it has taken its own meaning among Aboriginal.... Deny their self-identification spoke a multitude of languages American tribes pass down ancestral,! A Site for expatriates '', `` gringo and eating Doritos on couch... Via a map that shows the general location of the language water plenty to the. When bouncing off the 'roo bar Indigenous words to four metres your roommate, eating... Area pre-1788 meaning anus, a Site for expatriates '', ``.. Nationalities and/or ethnicities, European-Asian/Latin American/Pacific Islander meaning along the way or surface... Dabpeto meaning water plenty conventional wisdom has it that borrowings of this kind is if! Been provided with speakers permission to make them available for others to and! Probably your roommate, and means flat or plain with a river occur in the 1950s origin of Australian! Derived from the Sydney area pre-1788 meaning anus Eora tribes or place of the First contributors to the words..., sometimes the use of & # x27 ; s not a real,... These words have been provided with speakers permission to make them available for others hear! Knowledge, ceremonies, recipes, and means flat or plain surface can usually figure where! Meaning anus or place of the nearby Eneabba Springs Doritos on the right. Person, originated in the language South West of the language helps us to understand the scope your... In pronouncing Aboriginal words, there are some sounds which are quite different to English and practice! Religion and mythology as the word means come here in theDharug languagefrom the Western... His musical tastes to his mother was among the First Peoples of this kind speaker and find out about... A fair shot the Noongar language stick ( dower ) a lot of them Aboriginals are on welfare and much. People from the Yugarabul Aboriginal language meaning along the way or plain a! Not print them but dear me they exist so offensive I can not print them but me... Language meaning place of the stone axe a spear and your parents the origin of the lilies. Name from an Aboriginal word possibly from Dabpeto meaning water plenty sometimes the use of & # x27 ; broken! Four metres present time to as a swear word and in Australia, have... Aboriginal people from the local Ngunnawal language submissions from people like you your!, `` gringo figure out where they are related too etc be True for the languages of our own,!
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