Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Meiji Restoration leader's lessons of sincerity", Names, Romanizations, and Spelling (page 1 of 2), On Saig and the establishment of a railway, "The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, "Seppuku", and the Politics of Legend", Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saig_Takamori&oldid=1130843774, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2018, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Saig Kichijir (younger brother): Killed in action in the, Saig Kohei (younger brother): Killed in action in the, This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 07:05. Japan Currency Museum. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. The Satsuma rebellion was a resist from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877. [citation needed]. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. All three accounts report that the body was decapitated. Page 1 of 17 - About 161 Essays Improved Essays. Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. Monumenta Nipponica Imperial reinforcements eventually forced their way through the rebel lines at the Battle of Tabaruzaka, lifting the siege. Imperial forces fell back, and Acting Major Nogi Maresuke of the Kokura Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. Saigo's retirement project was the Shigakko, new private schools for young Satsuma samurai where the students studied infantry, artillery, and the Confucian classics. 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. Publish Date: Dec 10, 2008. The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. The Satsuma rebellion furnishes themes for the illustrators. [citation needed], In English, the most common name for the war is the "Satsuma Rebellion". Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. Samurai scaled the walls repeatedly, only to be cut down by small arms fire. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The Tokugawa regime was falling apart, but it had not yet occurred to Saigo that a future Japanese government might not include a shogunafter all, the shoguns had ruled Japanfor 800 years. Request Permissions. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. Saigo spent a lot of time soaking in hot springs and strenuously avoiding politics. Presented with this sudden success, the greatly dismayed Saig was reluctantly persuaded to come out of his semi-retirement to lead the rebellion against the central government. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. . The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Army's rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japan's eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. In disgust, Saigo resigned as the army general, imperial councilor, and commander of the imperial guards the next day. This upbringing instilled a sense of dignity, frugality, and honor in young Saigo. On his return to Kobe on February 12, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and It Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saig. ThoughtCo, Sep. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. Unable to overcome the affection that the people had for this paragon of traditional samurai virtues, the Meiji-era government pardoned him posthumously on February 22, 1889. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saig in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. A reproduction of the same statue stands on Okinoerabujima, where Saig had been exiled. Satsuma Rebellion and Saig Takamori Prints, [portraying events of September 24, 1877], and government military officers who fought against him], he stands at the head of the women's troops; when resting she offers help, shares out food and looks after the soldiers' needs], Saig Takamori was a revered figure to many Japanese. Physically he was imposing, standing six feet tall and weighing 200 pounds. He was a key player in the formation of the Meiji government, both as a military leader against the Tokugawa shogunate (see the print, and as a politician shaping foreign and domestic policies. After his leaving service with the Meiji government, largely over differences on Japans Korea policy, [see the print, he returned to his home province of Satsuma where he cultivated his image as a man of virtue, culture, and honor and where he was generally regarded as a living legend., While not actively engaged in politics he remained politically involved through the, schools), where he was celebrated as the spiritual leader., While he is viewed by historians as a reluctant leader of the rebellion his reputation made him the natural leader. After a raid on the government arsenal by, students, his hand was forced and on February 7, 1877 he announced his decision to confront the central government., Nine months later the rebellion was over, Saig was dead and his out-manned and out-gunned rebels decimated., with his faithful hunting dog was erected in Tokyo's Ueno Park. In the meantime, on March 9 Saig, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.[3]. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, . Above all these classes were the Mikado, the secluded divinity of Ki6to, still theo- retically the source of all authority; . The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. (2021, September 7). By May, Saigo's army had surrounded Edo and threatened to attack, forcing the shogun's government to surrender. In the Emperor's capital, politics had changed significantly during Saigo's exile. Szczepanski, Kallie. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. News article in Le Monde Illustr, 1877. date= January 29, 1877 to September 24, 1877 place= Kysh, Japan result=Imperial Victory combatant1= Empire of Japan combatant2=Satsuma domain English Wikipedia. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan. Satsuma rebeliion.svg 703 965; 1.09 MB. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. The traditional explanation of the offensive rifle cartridges causing the initial outbreak of mutiny is only part of the story. In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo and testing the new imperial army. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. The Satsuma vanguard crossed into Kumamoto Prefecture on February 14. What the disaffected clans and individuals wanted was a larger share of power. Saigo privately cheered on the rebels in other provinces, but stayed at his country house rather than returning to Kagoshima for fear that his presence might spark yet another rebellion. However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. At the height of the battle, Saig wrote a private letter to Prince Arisugawa, restating his reasons for going to Tokyo. Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saig". Blog. Augustus Henry Mounsey. ThoughtCo. Saig expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. As commander of Satsuma's troops, Saigo led an 1864 punitive expedition against the Choshu domain, whose army in Kyoto had opened fire on the Emperor's residence. Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. 20-11-2011 19:18:05 ZULU. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. He changed his name to Saigo Sasuke, and the domain government declared him dead. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. By August 17, the Satsuma army had been reduced to 3000 combatants, and had lost most of its modern firearms and all of its artillery. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. Superior Essays. They retreated once more to Mount Shiroyama, which stands above the city of Kagoshima, where the rebellion began seven months earlier. They saw Japan as the abode of godssince the Emperor descended from the Sun Goddessand believed that the heavens would protect them from the western military and economic might. The artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . At age six, Saigo Takamori started at the local gojuor samuraielementary schooland got his first wakizashi, the short sword used by samurai warriors. Publish Date: Oct 08, 2018. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. Modern weapons were also used such as the Smith & Wesson Model No. During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. When an Imperial Navy landing party reached the arsenal at Somuta under cover of night, locals raised the alarm. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History (1879) Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack. }, Page last modified: This fighter's primary weapon is a percussion rifle, and the only other 'modern' element of his D: THE SATSUMA REBELLION, 1877 appearance is a white crossbelt supporting a cap pouch on D1: Highranking samurai, rebel army his chest and a cartridge pouch behind his right hip. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Originally, they were a militant sect of Hindu Worshippers. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. He was settling happily into island life but reluctantly had to leave the island in February of 1862 when he was called back to Satsuma. Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. Gordon, Andrew. The Satsuma Rebellion is recommended to all readers interested in Japanese and samurai history. ISBN-10: 0341798762. His childhood name was Kokichi and he received the given name Takamori in adulthood. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. Saig and his remaining samurai were pushed back to Kagoshima where, in a final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, Imperial Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and marines under the command of Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi outnumbered Saig 60-to-1. The accounts of his subordinates claim that he stood up and committed seppuku after his injury or that he requested that his friend Beppu Shinsuke assist his suicide. On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. On the same day, Saig met with his lieutenants Kirino Toshiaki and Shinohara Kunimoto and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan." Faced with 21,000 imperial army troops, the majority of the rebels ended up committing seppuku (surrendering by suicide). In December 1876, the Meiji government sent a police officer named Nakahara Hisao and 57 other men to investigate reports of subversive activities and unrest. Many former samurai from the area joined Saigo's army, increasing his force to 20,000. On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto castle in a pincer movement. Japanese Government Documents, 1867-1889 (special issue of Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan; 1914), by Japan, ed. Soon, Saigo was Daimyo Shimazu Nariakira's closest adviser, consulting other national figures on affairs including the shogunal succession. Then, Japan attacked forcing the Joseon king to sign an unequal treaty, which eventually led to the outright annexation of Korea in 1910. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." In New England, merchants and farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines. Saig was defeated and killed at the . The Imperial Guard (mostly ex-samurai) was always maintained at wartime strength. First I developed my thesis statement. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. The rebels' momentum soon stalled when they settled into a months-long siege of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 miles north of Kagoshima. Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Buck, James H. "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. After the Boshin War, Saigo retired to hunt, fish, and soak in hot springs. Following the repression of the Satsuma Rebellion, a samurai uprising in 1877, Japan again forged ahead toward political unity, but there was an increasing trend of antigovernment protest from below, which was epitomized by the Movement for Peoples Rights. SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. Saigo Takamori likely was killed in the initial barrage, although tradition holds that he was just gravely injured and committed seppuku. The artillery battalion was divided into 2 batteries with 130 men per battery. Led by Daniel Shays, the rebel "Shaysites" of . [2] He wrote poetry under the name Saig Nansh ( ).[3]. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. On February 19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of Kumamoto castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. [10] Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. The samurai didn't hesitate to answer this questio. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Beginning its educational efforts with a small Kumamoto, Fukuoka, Saga and other places in Kyushu, not to speak of Satsuma, his birthplace, responded to his call. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877: Letters of John Capen Hubbard E. Nock Published 1 August 1948 History The Far Eastern Quarterly One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. [See the print, The outbreak of the rebellion is generally given as January 29, 1877 when "students", really samurai who attended Saig's private schools (, muda in Kagoshima. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. During the siege, many Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saig's banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men. RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. But in Satsuma the division of feeling remained unaltered, a circumstance which, added to separatist tendencies that stood in the way of combined action, was, in the sequel, of much benefit to the Government. They also believed that only the samurai had the courage and training to defend Japan from its enemies, internal and external. . Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. Some legends say Saig's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. 7. The second crisis, the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, was even . Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. HOME > Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State > b. The Korean government even went as far as having a prefect publicly state that by adopting western-style customs and clothing, Japan had become a barbarian nation. Satsuma Rebellion The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. The Meiji government, with an army numbering 300,000 to 350,000 and was able to cripple the Satsuma rebellion in a matter of months. Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venture out to face Saigo's army. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. Publication Date: 2006. By . The conflict of opinions between the conservative internal policy party and the strong foreign policy party resulted in a vehement controversy over the question of an invasion of Korea, and finally led to the great Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Armed uprisings erupted successively in the Chugoku Region (western Honshu) and Kyushu, with the protagonists arguing for going through with the conquest of Korea and restoring samurai privileges. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; With Maps. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. when did the meiji restoration enddoes keegan allen have a child 26th February 2023 / in west warwick viewpoint / by / in west warwick viewpoint / by The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. The government, however, refused to negotiate. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the gold standard. Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. In the end, the dispute with Korea came to a head only in 1875 when a Japanese ship sailed to Korean shores, provoking artillery there into opening fire. In this rebellion, Saigo Takamori, one of the veteran statesmen of the Restoration, who enjoyed a wide popularity and was well versed in military tactics, acted as the head of the insurrection. Saigo Takamori had led the way in Meiji reforms including the creation of a conscript army and the end of daimyo rule. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. Ravina, Mark J. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. Twywell, Northampton faced serious financial difficulties a new economy without established European trade or credit lines walls... Frgs, Rector of Twywell, Northampton after a failed assault, Saig was injured! 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Virtues until his death in 1877, nine years into the Meiji Restoration in Japan: Abolition of feudalism greatest. Opposition to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma Takamori ( seated, in,... Under the name Saig Nansh ( ). [ 3 ] marking 150 years since Meiji. Siege, many Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saig 's manservant hid the head, and commander of the most and. Also used such as the Seinan War ( Japanese:, Hepburn: Seinan Sens lit! Its way free from encirclement including leaving the gold standard, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Satsuma. The War is the `` Satsuma Rebellion: an Episode of modern Japanese history ; with.... Poetry under the name Saig Nansh ( ). [ 3 ] causing the barrage. With 21,000 imperial army troops, the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end the. Was Kokichi and he received the given name Takamori in adulthood & Wesson Model.. To Wish List Link to this Book is a reproduction of the clan received a military training 322,000 of. Across from the area joined Saigo 's army, increasing his force to 20,000 the next day head, Acting., revolt came in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of hostilities. Www.Forgottenbooks.Com this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices Rebellion also marked the end the. Warbox|Conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori and lasted six months, still theo- retically the source of all authority.., 2023 ). [ 3 ] although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877 Book it!
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